On November 10, 2020, I obtained a letter from the Embassy of India at my dwelling in Sweden informing me that I had been barred from coming into India. As well as, the letter included a “present trigger” discover, asking me to supply the reason why my Abroad Citizenship of India shouldn’t be canceled. An OCI is an immigration standing that enables foreigners of Indian origin to reside and work in India indefinitely.
The official purpose for this motion was my alleged involvement in “inflammatory speeches and anti-India actions”. I submitted my response, absolutely conscious that it will probably be disregarded. As anticipated, my OCI was canceled.
Subsequently, I appealed to the Excessive Court docket in Delhi. The courtroom revoked the Indian authorities’s order because of the absence of proof supporting their claims of my so-called anti-India actions. Nonetheless, inside two weeks, the Indian authorities as soon as once more canceled my OCI. In response, I filed one other enchantment to the courtroom, which then requested the Indian authorities to supply justification for his or her resolution.
After a number of months, the federal government said to the courtroom that Indian intelligence companies had decided my actions to be detrimental to the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. They claimed that the proof was labeled as a state secret and couldn’t be disclosed overtly in courtroom. Nonetheless, they talked about that it might be supplied in a sealed cowl if vital.
It’s no secret that the Indian authorities is utilizing the guise of intelligence company findings as a canopy for what one would possibly argue are unconstitutional and undemocratic workout routines of energy.
My interactions with Indian companies will not be a brand new growth. Over the a long time, I’ve had brushes with intelligence companies in at the least two different international locations. My journey by way of the intricate webs of worldwide relations and intelligence surveillance paints a vivid image of the complicated dance between particular person freedoms and nationwide safety pursuits.
From my early educational pursuits to my encounters with intelligence companies throughout a number of international locations, every expertise has provided a novel lens by way of which to view the fragile steadiness of energy, notion, and private integrity.
The recurring themes of suspicion, surveillance, and the hunt for transparency and justice haven’t solely formed my skilled trajectory however have additionally highlighted the broader implications for democratic rules and human rights.
I started to consider this within the early Nineties, whereas conducting post-doctoral analysis in Bangladesh and India, I gave an interview to the extensively learn English newspaper in Bangladesh, the Every day Star.
My analysis findings supported the official place of Bangladesh partly, whereas the opposite portion aligned with the official stance of India. Predictably, the Bangladeshi newspaper selected to not publish the section that contradicted Bangladesh’s place. This alone was enough for an Indian intelligence company to threaten me with blacklisting. At the moment, I consented to not talk about my analysis with any media outlet or write about it, enabling me to return to India to go to my dad and mom.
Regardless of this settlement, an official from the Indian embassy in Uppsala in Sweden, the place I reside and train, would go to me yearly, since they had been obliged to report again to India about my actions. Ultimately, at an embassy gathering in 2002, an company official informally knowledgeable me that that they had closed my file.
Reflecting on it, I realise that I had already appeared on the radar of an Indian company throughout my time as a analysis pupil at Jawaharlal Nehru College in New Delhi within the late Eighties. My analysis targeted on the safety of microstates, with a selected curiosity in small island international locations just like the Maldives.
In these pre-internet days, if you happen to had been a pupil, accessing data was a formidable problem, restricted principally to what was accessible in your college library. Discovering materials on the Maldives proved particularly tough for me.
Throughout this era, the army attaché of the Pakistan Excessive Fee attended a seminar in my division at JNU. He was educated, and his enter on the safety complexities of the Maldives was considerate. Consequently, I approached him after the seminar to inquire if he had any supplies on the safety challenges dealing with the Maldives. He responded affirmatively, and invited me to his workplace to gather them.
With out giving it a lot thought, I visited the Pakistani Excessive Fee the subsequent day. Upon arrival, I used to be permitted entry and requested by the reception workers to attend. After ready for nearly two hours, even perhaps longer, I made a decision to go away with out having met him. I assumed he was just too busy and didn’t dwell on the the reason why he had invited me however failed to fulfill.
A number of months later, it got here to gentle that this army attaché had been caught receiving delicate data from an Indian informant and was subsequently requested to go away the nation. In hindsight, I felt considerably relieved that our assembly on the embassy by no means transpired.
Nonetheless, my sense of aid was fleeting. A senior army official, who was additionally a PhD classmate of mine and stationed at India’s army headquarters, was juggling his research along with his job, so I typically shared my class notes with him. Regardless of our variations in age, social, {and professional} standing, we grew to become mates. He regularly visited me on campus, and I generally went to his official residence in Delhi cantonment.
Shortly after the incident involving the Pakistani army attaché, he was absent from the college for practically per week. Involved, I made a decision to go to him. He was visibly happy to see me however appeared exhausted. Upon inquiring about his well-being, he disclosed that he had been instructed to not come to the workplace for per week attributable to an inner investigation to determine if he had any connections with the Pakistani official. Fortuitously, he was cleared within the investigation.
Upon listening to his story, I instructed me about my encounter with the Pakistani official and my go to to the Pakistan Excessive Fee. It dawned on us that I may need been the inadvertent hyperlink the Indian intelligence company thought of between him and the Pakistani army attaché. My good friend was dismayed that I had not knowledgeable him about this earlier and questioned my judgment in visiting the Pakistani Excessive Fee.
On the time, I hadn’t perceived it as a big drawback. Nonetheless, because the scenario unfolded, it grew to become clear that intelligence companies typically scrutinise even seemingly minor and insignificant actions.
In 1996, I organised a global workshop at a lodge close to Puri in Odisha, not removed from my hometown. The workshop drew members from a number of teachers from Sweden and South Africa, along with our analysis collaborators from two universities in India. The main focus of the workshop was “social capital and democracy”. The discussions had been strictly educational in nature.
A number of months later, throughout a go to to my hometown Bhubaneswar for some work, I encountered somebody in a market. This particular person approached me, claiming to know me. Curious, I inquired how, and he revealed that he and his colleagues had been monitoring my workshop. I used to be bowled over, because the workshop was a closed gathering of analysis collaborators with none media involvement. Upon asking about his occupation, he disclosed that he labored for the intelligence company, adopted by fun.
It was unclear whether or not their curiosity lay solely within the educational discussions that spanned 5 days or in the event that they had been holding tabs on me attributable to hypothesis about my profession in politics in Odisha. If their intention was to determine my political plans, they may have instantly requested me as an alternative of covertly monitoring an educational workshop targeted on belief, norms, and networks.
It is not simply Indian intelligence companies that topic atypical people like myself to surveillance. In October 1993, throughout my first analysis journey to Bangladesh, I stayed on the Dhaka College visitor home. I arrived within the night, and the very subsequent morning, I used to be greeted by a knock at my door. Upon opening it, I encountered a neatly dressed younger man who launched himself as a analysis pupil. He expressed an curiosity in discussing my papers on the Ganges Water sharing challenge. Nonetheless, at that time limit, I had not revealed any papers with reference to Ganges River water sharing.
Regardless of this discrepancy, I engaged in dialog with him. He revealed that he was a latest recruit to the Bangladeshi international service. What started as an expert interplay below the guise of educational curiosity shortly advanced into a real friendship. To at the present time, we stay mates. This expertise illustrates the nuanced and complicated interactions that may happen below the umbrella of intelligence and surveillance actions, transcending preliminary intentions to foster lasting private connections.
In 2013, I discovered myself in Kathmandu alongside a youthful colleague, with the intention of acquainting him with the political panorama of Nepal. We had scheduled an appointment with one of many nation’s former prime ministers. Nonetheless, en path to his residence, our taxi misplaced its method. Instantly, two males appeared seemingly out of nowhere and directed our driver to the proper location. This incident left little doubt in my thoughts that I used to be being monitored all through my keep in Nepal.
In 2019, amidst escalating tensions between India and Pakistan, which practically reached a warlike state, a senior Pakistani army officer reached out to me a couple of instances through social media. These interactions consisted of sunshine, nice dialog and even invites to go to Pakistan. Drawing on the teachings from my experiences throughout my days at Jawaharlal Nehru College, I maintained a well mannered but agency distance from these overtures.
Regardless of this cautious strategy, my newfound prudence didn’t defend me from the disfavor of the Indian authorities. In 2020, I used to be formally banned from coming into India, underscoring the complicated and infrequently unpredictable nature of worldwide relations and position of intelligence companies.
South Asian intelligence companies will not be distinctive of their allocation of sources in direction of people who won’t be thought of typical topics of curiosity. Sweden, too, has its moments of scrutiny. Though I used to be eligible for Swedish citizenship within the mid-Nineties, I made a decision to attend till 2004. That 12 months, the Indian authorities introduced a coverage for twin citizenship, albeit one which turned out to be considerably illusory.
Across the similar time, a youthful colleague from the Balkans additionally utilized for Swedish citizenship and obtained his passport inside a month. Once I hadn’t obtained any communication from the Swedish passport workplace for a 12 months, I made a decision to name them. The response I obtained was an inquiry into whether or not I used to be in a rush to acquire my citizenship. Being somebody who finds it tough to dodge direct questions, I answered “No”, which was adopted by one other 12 months of silence.
In 2006, my scenario took an surprising flip after I obtained a name from the Swedish secret police on my workplace telephone, with the officer requesting an pressing assembly. The next day, I went to fulfill him on the police station in Uppsala. In contrast to the standard process at Swedish places of work, the place you obtain a token quantity and wait in your flip, the officer was already outdoors ready to fulfill me. His demeanor was formal and considerably stiff, which didn’t shock me, given his position within the Swedish intelligence service.
He led me to a room that, upon first look, appeared extra like an interrogation room than one meant for a gathering. The furnishings consisted of a really small, virtually dilapidated desk and two chairs. The officer selected the higher chair for himself and provided me the opposite, which bore a hanging resemblance to chairs present in Indian village police stations. With out verbalising my discomfort, I refused to sit down on that chair. After a tense few seconds stuffed with sharp glances, the officer retrieved a chair from one other room that matched his personal. Solely then did I sit.
The preliminary query posed by the Swedish secret police officer was about my occupation. I responded by stating that since he had known as my workplace quantity, he should already concentrate on what I do. Nonetheless, he requested a direct reply, so I knowledgeable him that I used to be a professor instructing at Uppsala College.
The dialog then shifted to a extra critical tone, with the officer inquiring about my relationships with diplomatic missions in Stockholm. At the moment, I had some connections with officers from the Indian embassy. I defined that, being initially from India and having mutual mates with some embassy workers, our conferences had been of a social nature.
His quick response was to acknowledge consciousness of my interactions with Indian embassy officers, clarifying that this was not the priority. Prompted by my request for specificity, he revealed his curiosity in my interactions with embassy officers from three explicit international locations – two from Southeast Asia and one from Central America. He even produced printed pictures of me with these officers, which understandably upset me.
I clarified that my position because the director of the Grasp’s Program in Worldwide Research at Uppsala College necessitated these interactions. On the time, there have been only a few grasp’s programmes provided in English at Swedish universities, and these embassy officers typically met with me to inquire about potential admissions for themselves, their colleagues, or their spouses into the programme I used to be overseeing.
Upon listening to my rationalization, the officer concluded the assembly and escorted me out of the police station politely. Remarkably, I obtained my Swedish passport the next day.
Following this incident, I used to be below the impression that I used to be not of curiosity to Swedish companies. Nonetheless, a latest expertise advised in any other case. A good friend, employed by one of many Swedish state safety companies, was present process an interview for a extra delicate task. Surprisingly, a good portion of his interview was dedicated to clarifying his relationship and interactions with me. This might suggest that Swedish companies are extremely meticulous of their duties and perform complete follow-ups.
Nonetheless, I stay unconvinced about their effectiveness, contemplating how they’ve been dealing with latest threats directed at me from varied components of the world.
As I mirror on these occasions, it turns into clear that the battle for understanding and mutual respect within the shadow of energy dynamics is a steady journey – one which calls for vigilance, resilience, and an unwavering dedication to uphold the values that outline us as people and as a world neighborhood.
Ashok Swain is a professor of peace and battle analysis on the Uppsala College, Sweden.