Iran has had a turbulent historical past in simply its current previous. From a democracy within the Nineteen Fifties, Iran appears to have moved backwards, from an authoritarian regime (backed by Britain and the US) that overthrew the democratic one, to a spiritual fundamentalist regime toppling the authoritarian one and taking an anti-US stance.
The US ended its assist for Iran and as a substitute supported Iraq in a brutal warfare by the Nineteen Eighties in opposition to Iran the place over 1 million folks died. Extra lately, Iran was described as being a part of an “axis of evil” by US President George Bush, as a part of his “warfare on terror.”
The US has additionally accused Iran of pursuing the event of nuclear weapons, whereas Iran says it is just pursuing peaceable growth. Internally, actions in the direction of reasonable insurance policies and democratic values are gaining traction, however not with hardliners in energy making an attempt to carry on. This part appears into these and associated points.
Temporary Put up World Warfare II Overview
US and Britain Overthrow Democratically Elected Chief in Nineteen Fifties and Set up the Shah
Iran was distinctive within the area for having efficiently resisted colonialism, primarily by the British Empire and Imperial Russia. Within the Twenties, Reza Shah Pahlavi staged a coup in opposition to the ruling dynasty and launched into a modernization drive, constructing trade, railroads, nationwide training, and many others. His autocratic rule nevertheless, was disliked.
Throughout World Warfare II, so as to forestall a possible pro-Nazi coup orchestrated by the Axis powers, the Soviet Union and Britain invaded Iran securing the petroleum infrastructure. Seeing the Shah’s son as being extra supportive, the Allies compelled the Shah to step apart. Iran grew to become a serious route of arms from Allies within the west, to the Soviets through the warfare.
In 1951, a pro-democracy nationalist, Dr. Mohammed Mossadegh rose to prominence in Iran and was democratically elected as Iran’s first Prime Minister. In 1953, the Mossadegh authorities selected to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Firm (later renamed to the British Petroleum Firm, now generally known as BP), which managed of the nation’s oil reserves, feeling that proceeds from oil needs to be used to spend money on the event of Iran, reasonably than siphoned off as earnings.
This was a dangerous transfer by Iran, for they might risked the wrath of the British who stood to lose quite a lot of energy, wealth and affect gained through management of such a serious power supply.
Nonetheless, this transfer to nationalize such an trade needs to be taken in context: This was at a time amid international emotions of nationalism, with each burgeoning and fledgling actions to oust former colonial rulers who had weakened themselves through the Second World Warfare as they fought one another. The “third world” had seen its probability to interrupt free, and so emotions of nationalism and revolution have been ripe world wide.
Iran was one of many few early profitable democratic regimes, although growth could be a problem. Nationalizing the oil firm was subsequently a part of this drive for non-alignment away from the superpowers’ affect.
For Britain, this was one other “nail within the coffin” of their as soon as nice empire that stretched throughout the globe. Having “misplaced” their prime jewel, India, just a few years earlier, their world standing was unofficially decreased and not have been they the nice empire. Dropping different locations world wide should have been fairly surprising and disappointing to those that nonetheless held colonial attitudes. Nonetheless, they’d partnered with a brand new energy that had risen through the Second World Warfare: the US.
As defined within the Management of Assets part in additional depth, the US now took on a task to assist remodel the worldwide system into one which it may dominate but additionally assist rebuild Europe to stave off a rising “Communist risk.”
Moreover, as J.W. Smith places it (see earlier hyperlink), the “populations on the periphery of empire who supplied their low-cost assets [were] taking the rhetoric of democracy significantly and breaking free,” which alarmed historic colonial empires.
Breakaway international locations posed the risk that they could aspect with the Soviets, reasonably than be related to the West, because of the emotions of anti-colonialism and anti-imperialism.
Different international locations, whereas breaking away from colonialism, might not have essentially defected to the Soviet aspect, however might have tried an unbiased type of growth.
Iran’s nationalizing of the oil firm signaled such a risk, for it was vital to Britain’s wealth. Like so many different international locations all through the world within the Nineteen Fifties, 60s and 70s and even 80s, fashionable regimes that have been, or confirmed, democratic tendencies have been handled with suspicion, for concern of “going Communist.”
Generally this concern could be used as an excuse to get entangled in these international locations for different causes (often financial and geopolitical ones, to proceed the traditions of imperial adventures and colonial aspirations of management and dominance).
Therefore, the US and Europe supported and tolerated so many dictatorships, for puppet regimes have been simpler to regulate and manipulate, they usually may put their very own populations so as, reasonably than US and Europe resorting to (too many) costly wars. In fact, the place it was deemed needed, as all the time occurs all through historical past, navy may could be employed (Vietnam being one vivid instance).
After Mossadegh’s announcement of the nationalization of the oil trade, Britain responded with an embargo. The embargo had critical results on the economic system, thus permitting criticism in opposition to Mossadegh to fester. Convincing the US of a communist hyperlink, Britain managed to get the US to conform to take care of Iran. Operation Ajax, a CIA-backed plot, allowed the Shah’s son, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi, to overthrow Mossadegh.
This operation concerned quite a lot of unlawful propaganda in another country (sadly not unusual), which Dan De Luce, of the British newspaper, the Guardian summarized:
The CIA—with British help—undermined Mossadegh’s authorities by bribing influential figures, planting false reviews in newspapers and frightening avenue violence. Led by an agent named Kermit Roosevelt, the grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt, the CIA leaned on a younger, insecure Shah to subject a decree dismissing Mossadegh as prime minister. By the tip of Operation Ajax, some 300 folks had died in firefights within the streets of Tehran.
The crushing of Iran’s first democratic authorities ushered in additional than twenty years of dictatorship beneath the Shah, who relied closely on US help and arms. The anti-American backlash that toppled the Shah in 1979 shook the entire area and helped unfold Islamic militancy, with Iran’s new hardline theocracy declaring timeless hostility to the US.
For roughly a quarter-century, Iran suffered repressive and autocratic rule by the Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi. He was seen by the West favorably for he had a Western training and preferred many points of “modernism” (although not democracy, it will seem).
Shah’s authoritarianism results in Islamic Fundamentalists Overthrowing Shah
The Shah’s rule appeared paradoxical for some. Whereas he supported ladies’s rights, extending suffrage to them, he additionally supported royalists in Yemen’s civil warfare. He maintained shut diplomatic relations with each Saudi Arabia and Israel. He additionally instituted land reform which wrestled away land from some elites, with the concept of redistributing it to small farmers.
Nonetheless, corruption and lack of adequate land brought on resentment amongst many farmers. The Islamic clergy additionally noticed varied sources of their energy diminishing, as clergy have been additionally required to go examinations, and as household and academic methods underwent adjustments.
Nonetheless, reasonably than democratizing, the Shah instituted one-party rule, stating issues and fears of a communist occasion taking energy. His authoritarian rule brought on a lot controversy. The spiritual clergy have been subsequently capable of collect quite a lot of assist.
The excesses of the Shah’s authoritarian rule fueled what finally grew to become the Iranian Revolution of February 1979 which noticed his overthrow.
Nonetheless, one autocratic regime was changed by one other. This revolution, led by Ayatollah Khomeini, ushered in rule by a conservative spiritual clergy, the mullahs, and noticed Iran develop into the Islamic Republic of Iran.
A documentary on PBS in 2000 (sadly I don’t recall the title) revealed that many individuals had supported the revolution and overthrow of the Shah, together with many ladies, indicating how dangerous life was beneath the Shah. They have been nevertheless finally disillusioned by the spiritual clergy they’d supported for not fulfilling many guarantees they thought they might. Many ladies interviewed regretted how their lives had develop into extra oppressed, for instance.
Iranian college students held US embassy personnel hostage for over a yr, accusing them of making an attempt to overthrow the revolutionary authorities and reinstall the shah. Khomeini inspired the hostage disaster, reasonably than cease it, and this episode marked the start of thorny relations with the US, who feared Iran not a lot militarily, however from its potential capacity to export Islamic revolutions everywhere in the Center East, threatening the “stability” that the US had created for itself.
Neighboring Iraq additionally noticed a chance to realize extra energy, as Khomeini had disbanded the as soon as mighty navy.
Simply as Christianity has many branches, corresponding to Catholicism and Protestantism, so too does Islam, with Shia and Sunni Muslims. Moreover, culturally, Iranians aren’t Arabs like Iraqis are, and traditionally, Iraq (as Mesopotamia) and Iran (as Persia) had typically been concerned in conflicts, wars, and territorial disputes. The Nineteen Eighties seemed set to proceed that sample, as many of those these cultural and spiritual variations contributed to their terribly pricey and harmful warfare of the 80s, generally known as the Persian Gulf Warfare.
Iran and Iraq Warfare Leaves Each International locations Shattered
Iran and Iraq have had border disputes for hundreds of years. These in the end spilled right into a horrible warfare from 1980 to 1988 that witnessed all kinds of warfare crimes from each side. This warfare value 1 million casualties in Iran alone, and over $1 trillion between the 2 international locations.
The US and the Reagan regime supported Iraq after which ruler, Saddam Hussein, as a result of Iran’s Islamic Revolution had seen their favored “puppet regime” in Iran overthrown. Offering navy, financial, and political help to Iraq, Saddam Hussein’s military waged an extended warfare.
Each side attacked one another’s oil tankers (and even tankers belonging to international locations not concerned within the battle—Iran attacked different Arab international locations’ tankers for instance). Each additionally attacked every others’ cities, and as has been completely mentioned now within the construct as much as the US warfare on Iraq, Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons (weapons of mass destruction) in opposition to Iran.
Iraq’s Saddam Hussein, maybe with ambitions to be the main Arab nation and have a powerful Center East centered round Iraq, had been favored by the US on this warfare who have been blissful to disregard Iraqi warfare crimes, as from their viewpoint, defeat of Iran was paramount.
Later, Hussein’s ambitions to unite Arab lands beneath one giant nation (with him as ruler little question) was one of many issues raised in 1991 after he overstepped his bounds (as a dictator subservient to US ambitions within the area) and invaded Kuwait. US raised the specter of a Hitler or anti-Christ kind of power within the area, that needed to be quashed.
As David Gowan famous in his ebook, World Gamble, (Verso, 1999) and J.W. Smith in his work on Financial Democracy, (IED Press, 2006), this was an instance of 1 energy (the US) not tolerating one other energy (a probably enlarged Iraq or a united Arab folks) for it threatened entry to vital assets—a serious supply for US world dominance. Having served its use, Iraq was to stay subservient once more, or face repercussions.
Political activist, Stephen Shalom, lists a time-line of the Iraq warfare from the angle of US curiosity and notes the next key occasions:
When Iraq invades Iran, the U.S. opposes any Safety Council motion to sentence the invasion. U.S. quickly removes Iraq from its listing of countries supporting terrorism and permits U.S. arms to be transferred to Iraq. On the similar time, U.S. lets Israel present arms to Iran and in 1985 U.S. offers arms straight (although secretly) to Iran. U.S. offers intelligence data to Iraq. Iraq makes use of chemical weapons in 1984; U.S. restores diplomatic relations with Iraq. 1987 U.S. sends its navy into the Persian Gulf, taking Iraq’s aspect; an overly-aggressive U.S. ship shoots down an Iranian civilian airliner, killing 290.
What’s attention-grabbing concerning the above is that the US gave the impression to be concerned in pitting each side in opposition to one another. The Iran-Contra scandal (US promoting arms to Iran and utilizing proceeds to fund guerrillas in Nicaragua) revealed extra murky goings on, that even noticed Israel being the conduit for the arms gross sales (mentioned additional beneath).
Internationally, different actors additionally backed completely different sides on this warfare: the US, France, UK, Germany, many Arab international locations (together with Egypt and Saudi Arabia), China and the Soviet Union all backed Iraq in varied methods, from offering chemical weapons, different navy tools, financing, and extra. Help for Iran got here from Syria, Libya, North Korea, Cuba, and Yugoslavia. (One can see how some wars since have mirrored these “sides”. Iraq later overstepped its bounds and fell out of favor with the US, which is now well-known.)
Commentators be aware that many Iranians look again to this era with anger and disappointment at Western involvement in opposition to them and for not doing something to cease the chemical warfare, and in impact being remoted internationally.
Relation with Israel
Outdoors Israel, Iran has the biggest Jewish inhabitants within the area. Many main figures in Israel have come from Iran initially, as nicely.
Beneath the Shah, Israel loved an excellent relationship with Iran. Nonetheless, with the Islamic Revolution, the ruling clergy and Israel have had a extra hostile relationship with Iran not recognizing Israel.
But, even throughout this non-relationship, Israel was used as a conduit by america to promote weapons to Iran as a part of the Iran-Contra scandal (mentioned additional beneath).
In newer years, because the US has stepped up criticism of Iran’s nuclear program as being a nuclear weapons program (mentioned additional beneath), Israel has deliberate for the opportunity of taking out varied missile and different targets in Iran.
Though it has not admitted it formally, Israel is broadly believed to have 200-400 nuclear weapons and is the one nuclear energy within the area. Up to now it has bombed an Iraqi facility suspected of being a part of a nuclear weapons program.
Israel’s battle with the Palestinians and the overflow into South Lebanon gave rise to militant opposition, Hezbollah maybe being probably the most well-known amongst them. Considered a terrorist group by many countries, Iran and a few others really feel it is a corporation combating a authentic trigger and has actively backed Hezbollah.
Fred Halliday, a famous skilled on Center East affairs and professor of worldwide relations on the prestigious London Faculty of Economics, had managed to speak to Hezbollah’s deputy head, and its political strategist, Sheikh Naim Qassem, who famous that Hezbollah regards the Iranian religious chief, on this case Khamenei, as its final authority. “All main political choices relating to Hezbollah are referred to … Iran.”
The choice by Hezbollah to enter Lebanese politics in 1992, for instance, was decided by “Ayatollah Khamenei himself who took the ultimate choice, in favour of participation.”
Qassem additionally admitted serving to Hamas and Islamic Jihad inside Israel and Palestine, though they’re Sunni Muslims, not Shi’a like Hezbollah. He additionally mentioned Hezbollah’s precise actions have been restricted to inside Lebanon, and the disputed space of the Shebaa farms close to the Syrian border. If true, Iran isn’t straight supporting suicide bombers in Israel as some have claimed, although it may actually be oblique.
Nonetheless, Iran has always denounced Israel, and varied rulers and main officers have introduced dying to Israel in varied types. Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s outrageous claims of wiping off Israel from the map and questioning the Holocaust is simply the newest episode, sadly.
But, recognizing the brand new geopolitical realities and since Ahmadinejad shouldn’t be the actual supply of energy in Iran, as mentioned additional beneath, the ruling clergy had really supplied peace and normalized relations with Israel and to place strain on Hezbollah to develop into a totally political unit, which the US refused.
The current battle in Lebanon between Hezbollah and Israel, which noticed Israel undergo a humiliating defeat, on the one hand needn’t have occurred with hindsight, and alternatively, has strengthened Iran and Hezbollah’s affect within the area additional.
US and Iran: Thorny Relations
As mentioned additional beneath, relations throughout and since Iran’s Islamic Revolution has been thorny to say the least. The Iran-Contra scandal revealed US promoting weapons to its personal enemy for different agendas. Extra lately, as a part of the US “Warfare on Terror”, Iran has been labeled as being a part of the “Axis of Evil”, accused of creating nuclear weapons, and being threatening to different international locations within the area, specifically Israel.
US armed Iran whereas supporting Iraq
Although the US has seen Iran as an avowed enemy for the reason that Islamic Revolution, and the US inspired and supported Saddam Hussein’s lengthy warfare in opposition to Iran, the Iran-Contra scandal revealed that the US bought arms to Iran.
This episode was one of many largest scandals in US historical past whereby the US bought arms to Iran and used proceeds to fund the Contras, a brutal anti-communist guerrilla group in Nicaragua accused of many crimes in opposition to humanity and believed to be answerable for the deaths of some 30,000 folks.
However a few of these arms offers originated from the Iranian hostage disaster which had occurred throughout then-US President, Jimmy Carter’s watch, the place he misplaced quite a lot of recognition over it.
A documentary that aired on a British cable channel (can’t recall particulars sadly) defined how Reagan, difficult Carter within the US presidential race, used a propaganda stunt that additionally helped him obtain fashionable assist. Reagan and George H. W. Bush had struck a take care of the Iranian mullahs to supply weapons in the event that they launched the hostages the day after he was sworn in as President, reasonably than earlier than, throughout Carter’s time period.
Investigative journalist for Related Press, Newsweek, PBS and others, Robert Parry, broke lots of the Iran-Contra tales and is quoted right here for additional particulars and perception:
In trade [for the hostages’ release], the Republicans agreed to let Iran receive U.S.-manufactured navy provides by Israel. The Iranians stored their phrase, releasing the hostages instantly upon Reagan’s swearing-in on Jan. 20, 1981.
Over the following few years, the Republican-Israel-Iran weapons pipeline operated largely in secret, solely exploding into public view with the Iran-Contra scandal in late 1986. Even then, the Reagan-Bush workforce was capable of restrict congressional and different investigations, holding the total historical past—and the 1980 chapter—hidden from the American folks.
…
The false historical past surrounding the Iranian hostage disaster additionally has led to the mistaken conclusion that it was solely the specter of Ronald Reagan’s tough-guy picture that made Iran buckle in January 1981 and that, subsequently, the Iranians respect solely power.
The hostage launch on Reagan’s Inauguration Day bathed the brand new President in an aura of heroism…. It was considered as a case examine of how U.S. toughness may restore the right worldwide order.
…
In impact, whereas People thought they have been witnessing one actuality … one other reality existed beneath the floor, one so troubling that the Reagan-Bush political equipment has made holding the key a high precedence for 1 / 4 century.
The American folks must not ever be allowed to suppose that the Reagan-Bush period started with collusion between Republican operatives and Islamic terrorists, an act that many may view as treason.
Parry continues to element how successive administrations have sought to maintain that data away from the general public.
(Given a few of the current tensions between Iran and Israel, it will be pure to marvel why Israel would have agreed to ship US weapons to Iran. Parry notes that at the moment Israel, though detesting Iran, thought that being a non-Arab nation is likely to be a possible ally. It’s maybe a bitter irony that at this time these two nations are maybe at full opposites, with Iran’s assist of Hezbollah because the current disaster in Lebanon confirmed.)
US accuses Iran of being within the Axis of Evil
Into the late Nineteen Nineties and early 2000s, there have been indicators of Iran shifting towards a extra reasonable state, and growing democratization (although solely in probably the most earliest of types). Nonetheless, after the September 11, 2001 terrorist assaults, the US shortly moved to an aggressive stance in opposition to main international locations it had lengthy disliked, and labeled Iran as being a part of an “Axis of Evil” making an attempt to invoke the ominous picture of Hitler and the “Axis powers.” On the similar time US President George Bush referred to as for a reinvigorated push for democracy (beginning with an invasion of Iraq, that has now seen the nation immersed in a civil warfare).
With Iran, nevertheless, this democratization push has had the reverse impact. By supporting exterior forces and overtly indicating it will fund opposition forces inside Iran as nicely, the US helped push the Iranian ruling regime to a extra aggressive and authoritarian place. As such, the reformist Khatami fell out of favor with the ruling clergy who backed the extra hard-line Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as president. (That is mentioned additional beneath.)
Forcing democracy from the skin has nearly by no means labored, and the expertise of Iraq clearly reveals that (placing apart for the second whether or not the realpolitik agenda of the US is definitely democracy or different geopolitical goals corresponding to consolidating energy).
US accuses Iran of creating nuclear weapons
Iran, with Russian help, has been creating a nuclear program. Iran has lengthy insisted it’s for the event of nuclear power, not weapons, which the US Bush Administration had asserted, and the Obama Administration additionally maintains.
The US and another Western international locations have questioned why Iran, with such giant oil and fuel reserves would need or want nuclear energy. Iran has answered that it desires to diversify its sources, which has not satisfied the US.
The BBC requested eight commentators for his or her views concerning the Iran nuclear subject. Considered one of them was Radzhab Safarov, director of Moscow-based Heart for Iranian Analysis, and an advisor to the Russian State Duma chairman. Safarov mentioned that Russia “shouldn’t be frightened about allegations that Iran may possess expertise of twin nature” as a result of the “Iranian nuclear program has a totally peaceable nature, and there’s no proof on the contrary.”
He additional notes that if Russia suspected a covert nuclear weapons program, Russia would “have blocked this undertaking and suspended co-operation with Iran on this subject, as a result of it will have been in opposition to its personal pursuits” as their frequent border within the Caspian sea would “threaten Russia’s nationwide pursuits” within the space.
Safarov, additionally makes an attention-grabbing remark: “I don’t suppose any nation has a proper to intrude with the Iranian nuclear program, as a result of it’s a utterly inside affair.” That is of curiosity for just a few causes:
- The “interference” is going on as a result of Iran is regarded by the Bush Administration as an enemy, a part of what they name the “Axis of Evil”. If it was a nation on extra pleasant phrases it’s attainable {that a} extra cheap method to deterrence could be adopted reasonably than the hostile method presently seen (and in addition leaving it to Europeans to try negotiated alternate options). Some restricted help has even been given to pleasant international locations. For instance, US help is presumably occurring with Pakistan presently. The US has additionally helped Israel previously (as have the French).
- Then again, simply because the Bush Administration claims Iran is deceptive the world about its nuclear program, may the Bush Administration be making claims to pursue its personal political and financial agendas in opposition to Iran?
Stephen Zunes, writing for International Coverage In Focus
, is extremely vital of the US place on Iran:
Having already efficiently fooled most of Congress and the American public into believing that Saddam Hussein’s Iraq had an energetic nuclear weapons program, the Bush administration and congressional leaders of each events are actually claiming that it’s Iran that has an energetic nuclear weapons program. As with Iraq, the administration doesn’t look too kindly on those that query its assumptions.… When the IAEA printed an in depth report in November 2004 concluding that its intensive inspections had revealed no proof of Iran pursuing a nuclear weapons program, the Bush administration responded by trying to oust the IAEA director.
In the intervening time, the Iranians have been capable of avert a disaster by negotiations with representatives of the European Union (EU). Iran agreed to droop its uranium enrichment and processing applications till a everlasting deal is reached, which the Iranians hope may even embody political and financial concessions from the Europeans.
… [Controversial US Ambassador to the UN John] Bolton has argued for “sturdy” navy motion by america, if the UN Safety Council fails to impose the sanctions that Washington calls for.
The Bush administration’s efforts haven’t acquired a lot assist, nevertheless, partly due to U.S. double requirements. America has blocked enforcement of a earlier UN Safety Council decision calling on Israel to put its nuclear amenities beneath IAEA trusteeship. Washington has additionally quashed resolutions calling on Pakistan and India to remove their nuclear weapons and long-range missiles.
… [Despite US criticism] america remains to be obligated beneath the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty to permit signatory states in good standing to have entry to peaceable nuclear expertise. Mockingly, this provision selling using nuclear power was initially included within the NPT largely due to Washington’s want to advertise the nuclear energy trade.
Beneath strain from the US, in September 2005, the UN nuclear physique answerable for monitoring compliance with the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT), the Worldwide Atomic Vitality Company (IAEA) discovered Iran to be non-compliant in its NPT obligations and most member states voted to threaten Iran with referral to the UN Safety Council in November.
It didn’t occur, as Iran and the EU led efforts for additional negotiation.
Spin, “Diplomacy”, and Use of Concern
As award-winning Indian journalist, Siddharth Varadarajan, has written within the Indian day by day, The Hindu (the place he’s deputy editor), there was quite a lot of spin and diplomatic manipulation behind the scenes to get the vote in opposition to Iran. In his report back to the IAEA Board of Governors on September 2, 2005, Director Basic Mohamed ElBaradei famous that ‘all of the declared nuclear materials in Iran has been accounted for, and subsequently such materials shouldn’t be diverted to prohibited actions.’ Dr. ElBaradei mentioned, nevertheless, that the IAEA was not but able to conclude that there have been no ‘undeclared’ nuclear actions going down in Iran—a requirement that stems not from the safeguards settlement however solely from the Extra Protocol that Iran mentioned it will voluntarily adhere to in 2003.
It was regardless of that, and with US strain, Varadarajan notes, that the IAEA Board of Governors voted to seek out Iran in non-compliance and that non-compliance is outlined as diversion of safeguarded materials for prohibited functions, one thing Dr. ElBaradei had explicitly dominated out.
If the IAEA’s incapacity to make such a declaration have been to develop into grounds for reporting a rustic to the Safety Council and threatening it with sanctions,
Varadarajan additionally provides, a minimum of 106 international locations—as emphasised by the European Union final yr—must be put within the dock as a result of they’ve both not signed or not but ratified or carried out the Extra Protocol.
As Varadarajan warns in one other article, claims as ridiculous as some that surfaced through the Iraq warfare build-up, are showing once more about Iran as a part of a propaganda effort. Examples he cites embody the Iranian laptop computer found with incriminating proof of a nuclear warhead, and even the US spinning Iran’s clear disclosure of some data to the IAEA as a discovery by diplomats near the IAEA of what seemed to be the design for the core of a nuclear warhead, though the IAEA didn’t discover this. As an alternative, this was “leaked” as “information!”
US lies and exaggerates about extent of nuclear growth
An episode in September 2006, appeared to replay occasions two years earlier. Though already quoted additional above, part of Stephen Zunes’ report is repeated right here: “When the IAEA printed an in depth report in November 2004 concluding that its intensive inspections had revealed no proof of Iran pursuing a nuclear weapons program, the Bush administration responded by trying to oust the IAEA director.”
In September 2006, the IAEA repeated this discovering. The US responded with exaggerations and lies to counter the affect of the IAEA’s evaluation:
A US Home Intelligence Committee report claimed that Iran’s nuclear growth program was way more superior than what the IAEA and its personal US intelligence had proven. (How it will know higher was not clear.) The Washington Put up reported that the IAEA despatched the panel a letter decrying its current report on Iran as “outrageous and dishonest” and that it contained a minimum of 5 main errors.
Phyllis Bennis, from the Institute for Coverage Research, summarizes a key instance of lies:
The Bush administration actions geared toward constructing assist for warfare in opposition to Iran stay. A senate report on Iran, drafted by a high assistant to UN-bashing John Bolton, claimed amongst different issues that Iran was enriching uranium on the degree of 90%—the extent wanted for nuclear weapons. It was such an egregious lie that even the often cautious UN nuclear watchdog company, the IAEA, responded with a harsh rebuke, indicating that they’re watching Iran’s enrichment, and that it remained within the 3.5% vary wanted for utterly authorized nuclear energy—not near 90%.
The US Home Intelligence Committee report additionally tried to taint the IAEA head, ElBaradei by saying he eliminated a senior inspector that had raised issues about Iran’s program and that there was an unspoken coverage of stopping inspectors on the IAEA from telling the reality about Iran.
The irony maybe is that it was the US Home Intelligence Committee that was stopping the telling of reality to the American and world public. Not solely had that inspector not been eliminated, however the IAEA responded that the unspoken coverage was an “outrageous and dishonest.” Coverage analyst Carah Ong has extra particulars, and the Washington Put up reposted the IAEA letter .
And maybe as one other warning of a looming propaganda marketing campaign, Bennis notes, “Donald Rumsfeld’s Pentagon has lately opened a brand new Iran Directorate whose job description seems similar to the 2002 position of the now-closed Workplace of Particular Plans, discovering or creating intelligence materials that might be used to justify warfare in opposition to Iraq.”
(See additionally Democracy Now! information headlines for September 14, and an interview with historian and Center East exerprt, Juan Cole, for extra on the Home Intelligence Committee report controversy.)
US and IAEA have thus far been unable to show Iran is creating nuclear weapons
US initially supplied Iran nuclear know-how
Some might also marvel how Iran managed to get the power to develop nuclear amenities within the first place. It could be smart to maybe assume that after the autumn of the Soviet Union nuclear expertise might have been extra simply obtainable and that how Iran received it.
Nonetheless, paradoxically maybe, it was the US that gave Iran the nuclear know-how within the Sixties and Nineteen Seventies when the Shah dictator was put in by the CIA, and was seen as an ally for the US within the area (till the Shah was overthrown by an Islamic Revolution, when the USA supported Saddam Hussein in opposition to Iran).
Stephen Zunes, in the identical above-mentioned article additionally notes the US’s position in serving to Iran previously:
Misplaced in Bush’s present obsession with Iran’s nuclear intentions is the truth that america—from the Eisenhower administration by the Carter years—performed a serious position within the growth of Iran’s nuclear program. In 1957, Washington and Tehran signed their first civil nuclear cooperation settlement. Over the following twenty years, america supplied Iran not solely with technical help however with its first experimental nuclear reactor, full with enriched uranium and plutonium with fissile isotopes. Regardless of the refusal of the shah to rule out the opportunity of Iran creating nuclear weapons, the Ford administration accepted the sale to Iran of as much as eight nuclear reactors (with gasoline) and later cleared the sale of lasers believed to be able to enriching uranium. Surpassing any hazard from the mullahs now in energy, the shah’s megalomania led arms management advocates to concern a diversion of the expertise for navy functions.
The
Washington Put upreported that an initially hesitant President Ford was assured by his advisers that Iran was solely within the peaceable makes use of of nuclear power regardless of the nation’s huge reserves of oil and pure fuel. Mockingly, Ford’s secretary of protection was Donald Rumsfeld, his chief of employees was Dick Cheney, and his head of nonproliferation efforts on the Arms Management and Disarmament Company was Paul Wolfowitz, all of whom—as officers within the present administration—have insisted that Iran’s nuclear program should be assumed to have navy purposes.
Rumsfeld, Cheney and others have questioned Iran’s want for a nuclear program, as Zune notes above. They argue that Iran has sufficient oil and subsequently doesn’t want nuclear power. Subsequently, they are saying, Iran’s pursuit of a nuclear program should be for navy functions.
Scott Ritter, former UN Weapons Inspector, and outspoken critic of US international coverage as regards to the Iraq invasion, can be vital of the coverage in opposition to Iran. In an interview with Amy Goodman from Democracy Now!, noting the identical as Zune does above, Scott Ritter provides that Rumsfeld and Cheney’s criticism of Iran’s pursuit of a nuclear program doesn’t maintain, as a result of they agreed through the Shah’s reign that Iran’s power reliance on oil was not sound, economically, and that civilian use of nuclear power as a substitute was acceptable. This opinion has modified solely as a result of the Islamists have come into energy, not due to the assumption that Iran doesn’t want power diversification.
US, India, and Iran
Including India into this relationship reveals additional issues every nation has in its international coverage targets, and self-interest.
India, one of many rising international locations, whom many suppose shall be among the many strongest in just a few a long time, is already extraordinarily thirsty for power. It has lengthy had ties with Iran in some type or one other. India has one of many world’s largest Shia Muslim populations (Iran having the biggest).
India additionally has potential pure fuel offers with Iran price billions of {dollars}. The US additionally sees India as an ally of their warfare on terror, and this was particularly so when the earlier authorities, the proper wing Hindu occasion, the BJP, have been in energy. The US has lengthy disapproved the Iran-India power deal.
US main Congressmen have warned India that it should select between “the Iran of the Ayotollahs,” with its oil and fuel, and the “democratic West,” with its superior nuclear energy expertise. For now, India appears to have gone for the latter.
It might be that India has calculated that jeopardizing the multi-billion greenback pure fuel take care of Iran shall be price it if the US helps with nuclear energy stations as a substitute. That will be comprehensible within the context of India’s rising nuclear standing and its warming relations with the US on this matter.
Certainly, a lot of globally attention-grabbing developments have taken place relating to Indian nuclear energy. For instance:
- US President George Bush described India as “a accountable state with superior nuclear expertise” thus admitting it to the “nuclear membership.”
- India has only in the near past determined to pursue non-proliferation reasonably than a worldwide nuclear disarmament coverage which it has lengthy held. (The distinction could appear refined, however is enormously important: non-proliferation means stopping others getting nuclear expertise whereas those that have already got it formally can get to maintain it. In different phrases, it’s a means to keep up an imbalance in energy, per the concept of being in a “nuclear membership” and in addition the identical place that the US has taken.)
- This comes within the context of Indian makes an attempt for everlasting member standing on the UN Safety Council, which the US appears to be backing.
- The US is contemplating supporting India’s nuclear growth.
For some additional evaluation on that angle, see for instance the next
- From
International Coverage In Focus
:- India and the Iran Vote within the IAEA, by Ninan Koshy, October 27, 2005
- India, Iran, & america, by Conn Hallinan, October 19, 2005
- A Story of Leaders, Companions, and Shoppers, by Zia Mian, September 27, 2005
- India Abandons World Nuclear Disarmament, by Praful Bidwai, Inter Press Service Information Company, October 26, 2005
- The above-mentioned articles from Siddharth Varadarajan.
In September 2005, India selected to vote alongside the US and European Union in referring Iran to the United Nations Safety Council (although in November when the US and EU seemed to again down, India declared it will oppose additional referral, which cynics see because the Indian’s authorities’s transfer to avoid wasting face from home criticism about doing what the West tells them, reasonably then following their very own international coverage). India once more voted in opposition to Iran in 2006.
US lets Europe negotiate with Iran
The US has been blissful to permit Europe a hand at negotiations with Iran. Outcomes seem combined, nevertheless, with each side all the time indicating that some room for compromise is feasible. Extra lately, into October 2006, media shops have been reporting that as talks between the 2 have been faltering on getting Iran to droop its nuclear enrichment, the opportunity of UN sanctions have been drawing nearer.
Europe, and different UN Safety Council members have tried to supply political and financial incentives in return for Iran’s promise of a long run moratorium on enrichment.
The issue has been that technically, Iran has a proper to make use of nuclear expertise for civilian functions and so their enrichment program (which, as acknowledged above, is nowhere close to the degrees wanted for weapons growth), is authorized and they also argue that they need to not should cease it first so as to have talks.
US warfare with Iran?
Iran seems in information headlines extra continuously. For instance,
- The above issues are sometimes headline tales;
- The British have accused Iran of supplying a few of the weaponry utilized by Iraqi insurgents;
- ElBaradei (head of the IAEA) gained the Nobel peace prize and so threw extra protection onto Iran;
- The Bush Administration continues options in the direction of regime change.
And so forth. Whether or not all which means the western populations are being “softened” for a extra adversarial position in opposition to Iran stays to be seen. Nonetheless, there are fears that we’re shifting nearer to such a horrible chance. For instance, Parry, talked about earlier, additionally notes that “The Time journal cowl story, launched on Sept. 17, and a brand new report by retired Air Drive Col. Sam Gardiner—entitled The Finish of the ‘Summer time Diplomacy’—clarify that the navy possibility in opposition to Iran is shifting quickly towards implementation.”
Scott Ritter, talked about earlier, argues in that very same interview that the US agenda is to have regime change in Iran, and it’s not focused on talks. Even Iran’s proposed peace and talks with Israel (detailed additional beneath) are rejected, in order that regime change coverage might be pushed.
The US has additionally lately entertained the considered a naval blockade, and has deployed warships to the area. Numerous media reviews have additionally indicated different navy maneuvers within the area that varied analysts really feel is the ominous onset of attainable warfare, or, if the world is fortunate, is simply navy posturing.
Author and analyst of Center East affairs, Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya, writes an in depth article noting the navy buildup across the Japanese Mediterranean and Persian Gulf by NATO, the US and Israel.
Investigative journalist, Seymous Hersh, writes within the New Yorker,
The Bush Administration, whereas publicly advocating diplomacy so as to cease Iran from pursuing a nuclear weapon, has elevated clandestine actions inside Iran and intensified planning for a attainable main air assault. Present and former American navy and intelligence officers mentioned that Air Drive planning teams are drawing up lists of targets, and groups of American fight troops have been ordered into Iran, beneath cowl, to gather concentrating on knowledge and to ascertain contact with anti-government ethnic-minority teams.
As well as, the US seems to be supporting guerilla raids in opposition to Iran, although this appears to be on a small scale right now.
Phyllis Bennis, in an interview with Democracy Now! notes:
[There have been] new tales which have come out within the final couple of days in Time journal and elsewhere, indicating that there have actually been orders getting ready to deploy U.S. Navy warships in the direction of Iran with the objective being not essentially a direct navy strike, however reasonably a naval blockade of Iranian oil ports, which, after all, represent an act of warfare. In that scenario, … Iran is aware of, its authorities and its folks know, that that’s an act of warfare. Most People don’t know {that a} blockade is taken into account an act of warfare. And if Iran responded militarily, which sadly could be their proper beneath Article 51 of the UN Constitution calling for self-defense rights, the Bush administration would very doubtless name that an unprovoked assault on peaceable U.S. ships and would reply militarily, claiming to be responding in self-defense.
Iran’s actual insurance policies and actions complicate Bush’s place
Though the Bush Administration has ignored it, and most mainstream media shops usually don’t discover points past reporting what officers say, Iran’s precise place on nuclear weapons, on Israel, and different problems with the area, presents some issues to the official line. For instance,
- Ahmadinejad doesn’t maintain a lot energy; the Supreme Chief does
- The Supreme Chief issued a fatwa in opposition to Nuclear Weapons, saying it was not Islamic
- Iran really supplied peace talks with Israel
- Iran even condemned North Korea’s nuclear missile take a look at
Moreover, the US issues in Iraq have strengthened Iran’s affect, and the nuclear weapon debate happens inside that context.
Ahmadinejad doesn’t even have a lot energy. Supreme Chief does
When the hard-line Ahmadinejad got here into energy, his rhetoric—ridiculous and outrageous at instances (corresponding to questioning/denying the Holocaust may have taken place throughout WWII, and eager to wipe Israel off the map)—proved a boon for Bush insurance policies and propaganda efforts.
The day Ahmadinejad proclaimed that Israel will someday be wiped off the map, shortly after he was sworn in as President of Iran, journalist Lindsey Hilsum, for the British mainstream outlet, Channel 4 Information, famous that Ahmadinejad holds no energy; it’s the mullahs that decision the pictures, and he might have mentioned all this simply to point out to them that he’s a hardliner, and that it shouldn’t be taken significantly, for others have mentioned it previously.
That has not stopped the Bush Administration and war-supporting mass media shops. The media, along with the Bush Administration repeatedly level to Ahmadinejad’s outrageous statements as proof that Iran is an uncontrolled state, however all the time fail to say that he holds no energy or affect on such choices.
Within the Democracy Now! interview with Scott Ritter talked about earlier, Ritter famous what Hilsum mentioned, but additionally famous that Iran’s Supreme Chief had additionally issued a condemnation of nuclear weapons:
- Amy Goodman:
Scott Ritter, one of many stuff you discuss in your ebook is that no consideration has been paid to the Supreme Chief’s pronouncement within the type of a fatwa, that Iran rejects outright the acquisition of nuclear weapons.
- Scott Ritter:
Nicely, once we say “Supreme Chief,” to begin with, most People are going to scratch their head and say, “Who?” as a result of, you see, we’ve got a poster boy for demonization on the market. His title is Ahmadinejad. He’s the fool that comes out and says actually silly vile issues, corresponding to, “It’s the objective of Iran to wipe Israel off the face of the world,” and he makes ridiculous statements about america and many others. And, after all, man, he—it’s a subject day for the American media, for the Western media, since you get all of the little sound bites on the market, Ahmadinejad, Ahmadinejad, president of Iran. However what folks don’t perceive is, whereas he can vocalize, his finger shouldn’t be on any button of energy. In the event you learn the Iranian structure, you’ll see that the president of Iran is nearly a figurehead.
The true energy in Iran rests with the Supreme Chief. The Supreme Chief is the Ayatollah Khamenei. He’s supported by a company referred to as the Guardian Council. Then there’s one other group referred to as the Expediency Council. These are the those who management the navy, the police, the nuclear program, all of the devices of energy.
Iran Supreme Chief issued Fatwa in opposition to nuclear weapons
On August 9, 2005, on the assembly of the Worldwide Atomic Vitality Company (IAEA) in Vienna, Iran’s supreme chief, Ayatollah Khameni, issued a fatwa, “holy order” which forbade the stockpiling, manufacturing, and use of nuclear weapons.
This was hardly talked about by most mainstream media shops, not often making headlines, whereas criticism of their nuclear applications did. Some, such because the BBC and CNN nearly talked about it however as subtexts to different articles, corresponding to a query and reply collection on the nuclear standoff, and of Iran breaking seals at a nuclear plant.
(A weblog entry posted main quotes from the fatwa, as reported by the Islamic Republic Information Company (IRNA), however the hyperlink to the IRNA article is now expired, sadly.)
What’s comprehensible, particularly from the Bush Administration and its supporters, is that this fatwa is more likely to be handled skeptically. It would is simple to dismiss this as a lie or a smokescreen that can take them down the trail of nuclear weapons at a later stage. (Though additionally it is not clear how doubtless it will be for an Islamic cleric to subject a fatwa beneath false pretenses.) It could be onerous to know for positive, as a result of beneath worldwide regulation, Iran has the proper to pursue nuclear enrichment for peaceable functions, corresponding to nuclear power. Brazil lately introduced it will be enriching uranium, for instance. Nonetheless, as a result of it’s not seen as hostile as Iran is by the US and UK, it’s not perceived as a harmful transfer.
Iran has really supplied peace to Israel. US refused
As famous above, Iran’s Ahmadinejad actually hasn’t helped himself along with his unacceptable name that Israel should be “wiped off the map.” Such claims have “broken Iran’s standing internationally at a time when the nation badly wants assist,” says the BBC
, additionally including that Iran has “blamed the international media for blowing the disaster out of proportion and accused the West of seizing on this subject to strain Tehran over its nuclear program.”
Nonetheless, as talked about additional above, Ahmadinejad doesn’t maintain a lot actual energy or name the pictures. As an alternative, the Supreme Chief, the Ayatollah, does. And, as Ritter provides within the above-mentioned interview, it’s the “Expediency Council” that controls the devices of energy.
What could also be of shock to many readers is that not solely is Ahmadinejad’s view a distraction, however the actual management of Iran really supplied peace talks with Israel again in 2003. Moreover, the US refused it.
The International Coverage group, Simply International Coverage particulars this additional:
In 2003, in a secret memo to the U.S. authorities, Iran supplied to make peace with Israel, oppose assaults by Palestinian teams on Israel inside its 1967 borders, and strain Hizbollah to develop into a peaceable political occasion. The Bush Administration refused to reply and continues to claim publicly that Iran desires to destroy Israel and sponsor terrorist teams. The provide, which doubtless nonetheless stands, straight contradicts these statements. Beneath is a few press with extra particulars. The episode calls into query the Administration’s truthfulness and motives with regard to Iran…
(Simply International Coverage’s article cited above additionally offers hyperlinks to different articles that discover this in additional depth.)
Historian and nationwide safety coverage analyst, Gareth Porter, reported this initially for Inter Press Service on the finish of Might, 2005. He additional famous that,
The 2-page doc contradicts the official line of the George W. Bush administration that Iran is dedicated to the destruction of Israel and the sponsorship of terrorism within the area…. the doc is a abstract of an much more detailed Iranian negotiating proposal.
The Iranian negotiating proposal indicated clearly that Iran was ready to surrender its position as a supporter of armed teams within the area in return for … an finish to U.S. hostility and recognition of Iran as a authentic energy within the area … [and] “abolishment of all sanctions.”
An Iranian risk to destroy Israel has been a serious propaganda theme of the Bush administration for months…. However in 2003, Bush refused to permit any response to the Iranian provide to barter an settlement that will have accepted the existence of Israel.
Porter additionally notes that Iran remains to be focused on making an attempt to get a take care of the US, “regardless of the U.S. refusal to answer the 2003 proposal.” Though some conservative extremists (who backed Ahmadinejad of their earlier election) could also be in opposition to it, many different conservative Iranian officers assist the concept.
The conservatives have been sad not with the concept of a take care of america however with the truth that it was a supporter of the reform motion of Pres. Mohammad Khatami, who would get the credit score for the breakthrough.
Inside politics in each the US and Iran is subsequently a attainable hindrance to peaceable relations. Porter notes, for instance, that the “final authority on Iran’s international coverage, Iran’s Supreme Chief Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was ‘straight concerned’ within the Iranian proposal, in response to the senior Iranian nationwide safety officers” however that Kahamenei has additionally “aligned himself with the conservatives in opposing the pro-democratic motion” that Khatami was leaning in the direction of.
Some might observe that given Iran supplied to try to get Hezbollah to develop into a political unit reasonably than a navy one as a part of a take care of the US, then why has it not executed so anyway? Sadly, on the planet of realpolitik, every nation appears out for its personal pursuits. Why would Iran do that if it may possibly’t get something in return? Clearly, Iran desires to be acknowledged by the US, and is ready to go a great distance to take action. Nonetheless, this additionally highlights that each the US and Iran is likely to be hypocrites. They each declare ethical excessive floor, but, they each select to show away from peace if it fits their agendas.
Why didn’t the Bush administration embrace this [peace offer]? As a result of that results in a means of normalization, the place america acknowledges the legitimacy of the theocracy and is keen to peacefully coexist with the theocracy. That’s not the Bush administration’s place. They need the theocracy gone. They’ll do nothing that legitimizes that, nothing that sustains peace. They rejected peace.
Iran condemns North Korea’s nuclear weapons take a look at
When North Korea introduced a nuclear weapons take a look at at first of October 2006, Iran publicly condemned it. Iran coverage analyst on the Heart for Arms Management and Nonproliferation, Carah Ong, famous in her weblog that the response of Iran’s International Ministry Spokesman Mohammad Ali Hosseini on state-run tv mentioned:
Iran’s place is evident and Iran on precept believes in a world freed from nuclear weapons. Iran is hopeful that negotiations on North Korea’s nuclear actions can go forward within the curiosity of each North Korea and the worldwide neighborhood.
If Iran was intent on creating nuclear weapons and if their fatwa in opposition to it was a lie, one would have anticipated then to a minimum of keep quiet on the matter. (Then again, Iran might be making an attempt to name the world’s bluff!)
Strikes in the direction of reforms, democracy?
Latest years have been seeing indicators of Iran shifting in the direction of barely extra tolerant and liberal values. Any adjustments have been more likely to be gradual to permit clean, acceptable transition, else inside backlash from the extra onerous line parts could be extra pronounced. Nonetheless, the US’s hostile stance to Iran has inspired the very onerous line parts that the US says it’s in opposition to to react.
Regime Change in Iran
Proof of US plans for regime change in Iran emerged after Al Qaeda terrorists blew up a residential compound in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in Might 2003. The US accused Iran of harboring these terrorists, which Iran denied.
The Washington Put up famous that regardless of Iran serving to the US in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist assaults, by turning over some Al Qaeda members (and being branded as a member of an “axis of evil”), and continuous conferences for “search-and-rescue missions and the monitoring down of al Qaeda operatives”, “U.S. officers had repeatedly warned Iranian officers that if any al Qaeda operatives in Iran are implicated in assaults in opposition to People, it will have critical penalties for relations between the 2 international locations.”
In line with Reuters on the time, Iran did settle for that some Al Qaeda members may have slipped the considerably porous border between Afghanistan and Iran, and vowed to arrest them if they may.
The above Washington Put up and Reuters articles additionally famous that Bush administration officers appeared “able to embrace an aggressive coverage of making an attempt to destabilize the Iranian authorities” on account of these bombings.
This incident might subsequently seem as an excuse or catalyst for an earlier plan for regime change in Iran, a part of an excellent wider US geopolitical technique to keep up international dominance amid new challenges.
US Help of opposition teams really undermines democracy additional
US coverage for Iran has concerned supporting opposition teams in Iran. A few of these are pro-democracy teams, whereas others are pro-monarchists, supporting the previous Shah’s son. Nonetheless, as early as Might 2003, the identical Washington Put up article additionally famous that,
State Division officers are involved that the extent of fashionable discontent [in Iran] is far decrease than Pentagon officers imagine, resulting in the likelihood that U.S. efforts may in the end discredit reformers in Iran.
… In July, Bush signaled a tougher line when he issued a strongly worded presidential assertion wherein he praised giant pro-democracy avenue demonstrations in Iran. Administration officers mentioned on the time that they’d deserted any hope of working with President Mohammad Khatami and his reformist allies within the Iranian authorities, and would flip their consideration towards democracy supporters among the many Iranian folks.
Jim Lobe of Inter Press Service notes neo-conservative parts within the US pushing an Iran confrontation agenda, whereas Marc Perelman, writing within the Jewish day by day, The Ahead, in 2003, observes how a coalition of hawkish elements from the US, Israel, and within Iran, have come together to support regime change in Iran with similarities to the build up to the Iraq invasion.
Support for Reza Cyrus Pahlavi, the exiled son of the former Shah, is supported by hawks in the US administration and some Jewish groups who see the former Shah’s reign as a “golden era for Jews,” Perelman adds.
Furthermore, an Iranian-Jewish described as an active hawk says that “support for Pahlavi among Iranian Americans may have less to do with deep pro-monarchist feelings than with his status as the most recognizable opposition figure among immigrants.”
Pahlavi has, according to Perelman, “expressed support for democracy while calling for a referendum restoring the monarchy.”
It is not clear therefore, if “democracy” is being used as a euphemism for continued authoritarian rule, but this time, favored by the US, as was the case with Pahlavi’s father.
The Pentagon and US State department have already started funding propaganda broadcasts into Iran, through outlets such as Radio Farda and Voice of America’s Persian TV. However, policy analyst, Carah Ong, also notes that Pentagon officials have lamented that US broadcasts into Iran aren’t tough enough on the Iranian regime and that their ideas are not working as planned because their broadcast outlets are not the main source of news for most Iranians.
Khatami has actually been pro-democracy but any reform attempts in such a country are naturally going to be very slow and difficult to achieve. An imposition of relatively quick massive changes will of course be met by resistance by those in power, and for a nation trying to be more democratic, it may unfortunately have to be a slow process so that it can get buy-in from those who fear of losing out. Of course the risk is that such attempts can be undermined as well, the longer it takes. It is not as simple as supporting democratic elements or very quickly ousting the existing regime because that may leave power vacuums that various groups may attempt to fill, as the Iraq experience has shown.
By funding opposition groups and calling for regime-change (while calling it “democracy-building”), the US makes such a task even harder, and risks actually undermining democracy because the ruling Islamic clerics will clearly see the opposition as lacking legitimacy, as policy analyst, Robert Naiman notes:
The notion of trying to undermine the Iranian government by funding opposition groups is both unethical and short-sighted. Groups and individuals who are known to receive such funding will be discredited politically in Iran. Indeed, prominent Iranian dissidents have rejected U.S. assistance, and have argued that the U.S. policy of confrontation hurts the democracy movement in Iran. Such activities by the U.S. appear to validate claims by Iranian government officials that their domestic critics are financed and inspired by foreigners.
In the context of modern Iranian history this is a powerful charge. In the 1950s a democratically elected government in Iran was overthrown by a military coup organized by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.
The democratic government was replaced by a repressive regime that the U.S. helped keep in power for the next 25 years.
Unfortunately, this certainly seems to have been the case, as hardliners in Iran have responded to US aggressive policy by getting rid of the reformist president, Khatami, in favor of the hardliner, Ahmadinejad.
As Naiman, also notes, US policies are restricting the ability for negotiations between Iran and US. “Officials in Iran will ask, why bother trying to negotiate with someone who has an official policy of trying to overthrow you?”
Pro Democracy Reformist, Khatami, loses out to Hard-liner, Ahmadinejad
The previous leader of Iran, the reformist president, Mohammad Khatami, showed precursory signs to the long march towards democracy. For his elections, he campaigned on democracy, the rule of law, and inclusion of all Iranians in the political decision-making process. When he first became president, he won elections by a landslide, showing the popularity within Iran for potential reforms.
This obviously rubbed many hard-line conservatives in Iran’s political and religious establishment the wrong way, and he was unable to implement many of his reform policies. Towards the end of his term in 2005, growing disillusionment contributed to his losing elections against the more conservative Ahmadinejad, backed by many of the more extreme ruling clergy.
Unfortunately, as noted earlier, US policies did not help either. The US pressure on Iran (from the nuclear stance, threats of war, war on terror stance, and more) have, perhaps unwittingly (though surely, to some extent, predictably?), helped emboldened hard-line elements further, and thus the nation has moved further away from democracy.